When two-phase flow occurs in pipes, many different flow patterns are created, depending on fluid propeties, the relative rates of fluids and the pipe inclination.
There are large differences in flow behavior between horizontal,
inclined, and vertical pipe flow. In horizontal pipes, three patterns
are produced. Segregated
flow is a relatively smooth flow, where the boundaries between the
gas and liquid are divided in a laminar fashion. Segregated flow
is further divided into stratified flow, wavy
flow, and annular flow. Intermittent flow consists of plug and
slug flow.
Distributive flow occurs when the gas and liquid are well blended.
At higher velocities, froth
flow can occur. Distributed flow consists of bubble, and mist
flow. The photograph below shows the flow loop in a horizontal position.
Uphill flow must overcome the force of gravity. With lower
gas velocities, slug
flow occurs in the pipe. Liquid
holdup plays a large role in inclined pipes. As gas velocity
is increased, the flow behavior shows rolling waves, comparable to that
on a beach.
Four uphill flow regimes have been observed; these are bubble, slug,
churn, and annular flow. Each of these occur in progression with
increasing gas rate for a given liquid rate. Bubble
flow exists in a continuous liquid phase with dispersed bubbles of
gas. Slug flow occurs as the gas flow increases. Slugs of liquid
which contain smaller gas bubbles mixed in, flow between the large gas
bubbles that flow through the pipe. The larger gas bubbles begin
to coalesce with increasing gas rates. This transitional
state of flow forms churn flow. Highly turbulent flow can exist.
Churn
flow can be characterized by oscillatory, up and down motions of the
liquid. As gas rates get even higher, gas becomes the continuous
phase. Liquid flows in an annulus around the edge of the pipe with
liquid droplets mixed in the gas phase.